NAME
isakmpd
—
ISAKMP/Oakley a.k.a. IKEv1 key
management daemon
SYNOPSIS
isakmpd |
[-46adKLnSTv ] [-c
config-file] [-D
class=level]
[-f fifo]
[-i pid-file]
[-l packetlog-file]
[-N udpencap-port]
[-p listen-port]
[-R report-file] |
DESCRIPTION
The isakmpd
daemon establishes Security
Associations (SAs) for encrypted and/or authenticated network traffic. At
this moment, and probably forever, this means
ipsec(4) traffic.
Traditionally, isakmpd
was configured using the
isakmpd.conf(5) file
format. A newer, much simpler format is now available:
ipsec.conf(5).
isakmpd
implements the IKEv1 protocol
which is defined in the standards ISAKMP/Oakley (RFC 2408), IKE (RFC 2409),
and the Internet DOI (RFC 2407). The newer IKEv2 protocol, as defined in RFC
5996, is not supported by isakmpd
but by
iked(8). It follows then that
references to IKE in this document pertain to IKEv1 only, and not IKEv2.
The way isakmpd
goes about its work is by
maintaining an internal configuration as well as a policy database which
describes what kinds of SAs to negotiate, and by listening for different
events that trigger these negotiations. The events that control
isakmpd
consist of negotiation initiations from a
remote party, user input via a FIFO or by signals, upcalls from the kernel
via a PF_KEY
socket, and lastly by scheduled events
triggered by timers running out.
Most uses of isakmpd
will be to implement
so called "virtual private networks" (VPNs). The ability to
provide redundancy is made available through carp(4) and sasyncd(8). For other uses, some more knowledge of IKEv1 as a
protocol is required. The RFCs mentioned below are a possible starting
point.
On startup isakmpd
forks into two
processes for privilege separation. The unprivileged child jails itself with
chroot(8) to
/var/empty. The privileged process communicates with
the child, reads configuration files and PKI information, and binds to
privileged ports on its behalf. See the
CAVEATS section below.
The options are as follows:
-4
|-6
- These options control what address family (
AF_INET
and/orAF_INET6
)isakmpd
will use. The default is to use both IPv4 and IPv6. -a
- If given,
isakmpd
does not set up flows automatically. Instead manual flows may be configured using ipsec.conf(5) or by programs such as bgpd(8). Thusisakmpd
only takes care of SA establishment. -c
config-file- If given, the
-c
option specifies an alternate configuration file instead of /etc/isakmpd/isakmpd.conf. As this file may contain sensitive information, it must be readable only by the user running the daemon.isakmpd
will reread the configuration file when sent aSIGHUP
signal.Note that this option applies only to configuration files in the isakmpd.conf(5) format, not those in the ipsec.conf(5) format.
-D
class=level- Debugging class. It's possible to specify this argument many times. It
takes a parameter of the form
class=level, where both
class and level are numbers.
class denotes a debugging class, and
level the level you want that debugging class to
limit debug printouts at (i.e. all debug printouts above the level
specified will not output anything). If class is set
to ‘A’, then all debugging classes are set to the specified
level.
Valid values for class are as follows:
- 0
- Misc
- 1
- Transport
- 2
- Message
- 3
- Crypto
- 4
- Timer
- 5
- Sysdep
- 6
- SA
- 7
- Exchange
- 8
- Negotiation
- 9
- Policy
- 10
- FIFO user interface
- A
- All
Currently used values for level are 0 to 99.
-d
- The
-d
option is used to make the daemon run in the foreground, logging to stderr. -f
fifo- The
-f
option specifies the FIFO (a.k.a. named pipe) where the daemon listens for user requests. If the path given is a dash (‘-’),isakmpd
will listen to stdin instead. -i
pid-file- By default the PID of the daemon process will be written to
/var/run/isakmpd.pid. This path can be overridden
by specifying another one as the argument to the
-i
option. Note that only paths beginning with /var/run are allowed. -K
- When this option is given,
isakmpd
does not read the policy configuration file and no keynote(4) policy check is accomplished. This option can be used when policies for flows and SA establishment are arranged by other programs like ipsecctl(8) or bgpd(8). -L
- Enable IKE packet capture. When this option is given,
isakmpd
will write an unencrypted copy of the negotiation packets it is sending and receiving to the file /var/run/isakmpd.pcap, which can later be read by tcpdump(8) and other utilities using pcap_open_offline(3). -l
packetlog-file- As option
-L
above, but capture to a specified file. Note that only paths beginning with /var/run are allowed. -N
udpencap-port- The
-N
option specifies the listen port for encapsulated UDP that the daemon will bind to. -n
- When the
-n
option is given, the kernel will not take part in the negotiations. This is a non-destructive mode, so to speak, in that it won't alter any SAs in the IPsec stack. -p
listen-port- The
-p
option specifies the listen port the daemon will bind to. -R
report-file- When you signal
isakmpd
aSIGUSR1
, it will report its internal state to a report file, normally /var/run/isakmpd.report, but this can be changed by feeding the file name as an argument to the-R
flag. Note that only paths beginning with /var/run are allowed. -S
- This option is used for setups using sasyncd(8) and carp(4) to provide redundancy.
isakmpd
starts in passive mode and will not initiate any connections or process any incoming traffic until sasyncd has determined that the host is the carp master. Additionally,isakmpd
will not delete SAs on shutdown by sending delete messages to all peers. -T
- When this option is given, NAT-Traversal will be disabled and
isakmpd
will not advertise support for NAT-Traversal to its peers. -v
- Enables verbose logging. Normally,
isakmpd
is silent and outputs only messages when a warning or an error occurs. With verbose loggingisakmpd
reports successful completion of phase 1 (Main and Aggressive) and phase 2 (Quick) exchanges (Information and Transaction exchanges do not generate any additional status information).
THE FIFO USER INTERFACE
When isakmpd
starts, it creates a FIFO
(named pipe) where it listens for user requests. All commands start with a
single letter, followed by command-specific options. Available commands
are:
C add
[section]:tag=valueC rmv
[section]:tag=valueC rm
[section]:tagC rms
[section]C set
[section]:tag=value [force
]- Update the running
isakmpd
configuration atomically. ‘set’ sets a configuration value consisting of a section, tag, and value triplet. ‘set’ will fail if the configuration already contains a section with the named tag; use the ‘force’ option to change this behaviour. ‘add’ appends a configuration value to the named configuration list tag, unless the value is already in the list. ‘rm’ removes a tag in a section. ‘rms’ removes an entire section. ‘rmv’ removes an entry from a list, thus reversing an ‘add’ operation.NOTE: Sending
isakmpd
aSIGHUP
or an "R" through the FIFO will void any updates done to the configuration. C get
[section]:tag- Get the configuration value of the specified section and tag. The result is stored in /var/run/isakmpd.result.
c
name- Start the named connection, if stopped or inactive.
D
class levelD A
levelD T
- Set debug class class to level
level. If class is specified
as ‘A’, the level applies to all debug classes.
D T
toggles all debug classes to level zero. AnotherD T
command will toggle them back to the earlier levels. d
cookies msgid- Delete the specified SA from the system. Specify msgid as ‘-’ to match a Phase 1 SA.
M active
M passive
- Set
isakmpd
to active or passive mode. In passive mode no packets are sent to peers. p on
[=path]p off
- Enable or disable cleartext IKE packet capture. When enabling, optionally
specify which file
isakmpd
should capture the packets to (the default is /var/run/isakmpd.pcap). Note that only paths beginning with /var/run are allowed. Q
- Cleanly shutdown the daemon, as when sent a
SIGTERM
signal. R
- Reinitialize
isakmpd
, as when sent aSIGHUP
signal. r
- Report
isakmpd
internal state to syslog(3). See the-R
option. Same as when sent aSIGUSR1
signal. S
- Report information on all known SAs to the /var/run/isakmpd.result file.
T
- Tear down all active quick mode connections.
t
[phase] name- Tear down the named connection, if active. For name, the tag specified in isakmpd.conf(5) or the IP address of the remote host can be used. The optional parameter phase specifies whether to delete a phase 1 or phase 2 SA. The value ‘main’ indicates a phase 1 connection; the value ‘quick’ a phase 2 connection. If no phase is specified, ‘quick’ will be assumed.
SETTING UP AN IKE PUBLIC KEY INFRASTRUCTURE (PKI)
In order to use public key based authentication, there has to be
an infrastructure managing the key signing. Either there is an already
existing PKI isakmpd
should take part in, or there
will be a need to set one up. The procedures for using a pre-existing PKI
varies depending on the actual Certificate Authority (CA) used, and is
therefore not covered here, other than mentioning that
openssl(1) needs to be
used to create a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) that the CA
understands.
A number of methods exist to allow authentication:
- Passphrase:
- This method does not use keys at all, but relies on a shared passphrase.
- Host Keys:
- Public keys are used to authenticate. See PUBLIC KEY AUTHENTICATION below.
- X.509 Certificates:
- X.509 Certificates are used to authenticate. See X.509 AUTHENTICATION below.
- Keynote Certificates:
- Keynote Certificates are used to authenticate. See KEYNOTE AUTHENTICATION below.
When configuring isakmpd
for key- and
certificate-based authentication, the “Transforms” tag in
isakmpd.conf(5)
should include “RSA_SIG”. For example, the transform
“3DES-SHA-RSA_SIG” means: 3DES encryption, SHA hash,
authentication using RSA signatures.
PUBLIC KEY AUTHENTICATION
It is possible to store trusted public keys to make them directly
usable by isakmpd
, bypassing the need to use
certificates. The keys should be saved in PEM format (see
openssl(1)) and named and
stored after this easy formula:
- For IPv4 identities:
- /etc/isakmpd/pubkeys/ipv4/A.B.C.D
- For IPv6 identities:
- /etc/isakmpd/pubkeys/ipv6/abcd:abcd::ab:bc
- For FQDN identities:
- /etc/isakmpd/pubkeys/fqdn/foo.bar.org
- For UFQDN identities:
- /etc/isakmpd/pubkeys/ufqdn/user@foo.bar.org
Depending on the ID-type
field of
isakmpd.conf(5), keys
may be named after their IPv4 address (IPV4_ADDR or IPV4_ADDR_SUBNET), IPv6
address (IPV6_ADDR or IPV6_ADDR_SUBNET), fully qualified domain name (FDQN),
user fully qualified domain name (USER_FQDN), or key ID (KEY_ID).
For example, isakmpd
can authenticate
using the pre-generated keys if the local public key, by default
/etc/isakmpd/local.pub, is copied to the remote
gateway as
/etc/isakmpd/pubkeys/ipv4/local.gateway.ip.address
and the remote gateway's public key is copied to the local gateway as
/etc/isakmpd/pubkeys/ipv4/remote.gateway.ip.address.
Of course, new keys may also be generated (the user is not required to use
the pre-generated keys). In this example, ID-type
would also have to be set to IPV4_ADDR or IPV4_ADDR_SUBNET in
isakmpd.conf(5).
X.509 AUTHENTICATION
X.509 is a framework for public key certificates. Certificates can be generated using openssl(1) and provide a means for PKI authentication. In the following example, a CA is created along with host certificates to be signed by the CA.
- Create your own Certificate Authority (CA).
First, create a private key for the CA, and a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) to enable the CA to sign its own key:
# openssl genrsa -out /etc/ssl/private/ca.key 2048 # openssl req -new -key /etc/ssl/private/ca.key \ -out /etc/ssl/private/ca.csr
openssl req
will prompt for information that will be incorporated into the certificate request. The information entered comprises a Distinguished Name (DN). There are quite a few fields, but some can be left blank. For some fields there will be a default value; if ‘.’ is entered, the field will be left blank.After the CSR has been generated, it is used to create and sign a certificate for the CA:
# openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in /etc/ssl/private/ca.csr \ -signkey /etc/ssl/private/ca.key \ -extfile /etc/ssl/x509v3.cnf -extensions x509v3_CA \ -out /etc/ssl/ca.crt
- Create Certificate Signing Requests (CSRs) for IKE peers. The CSRs are
signed with a pre-generated private key.
This step, as well as the next one, needs to be done for every peer. Furthermore the last step will need to be done once for each ID you want the peer to have. The 10.0.0.1 below symbolizes that ID, in this case an IPv4 ID, and should be changed for each invocation. A fully qualified domain name (FQDN) may be used instead of an IPv4 ID. You will be asked for a DN for each run. Encoding the ID in the common name is recommended, as it should be unique.
# openssl req -new -key /etc/isakmpd/private/local.key \ -out /etc/isakmpd/private/10.0.0.1.csr
Now take these certificate signing requests to your CA and process them as below. A configuration file is used to add a subjectAltName extension field matching the ID used by
isakmpd
to the certificate.If using an IPv4 ID, copy /etc/ssl/x509v3.cnf to a temporary file and edit it to replace
$ENV::CERTIP
with the IP address (10.0.0.1 in this example), then generate a signed certificate:# sed 's,\$ENV::CERTIP,10.0.0.1,' \ < /etc/ssl/x509v3.cnf > ~/tmp_x509v3.cnf # openssl x509 -req \ -days 365 -in 10.0.0.1.csr \ -CA /etc/ssl/ca.crt -CAkey /etc/ssl/private/ca.key \ -CAcreateserial -extfile ~/tmp_x509v3.cnf \ -extensions x509v3_IPAddr -out 10.0.0.1.crt
For an FQDN certificate, replace
$ENV::CERTFQDN
with the hostname and generate a signed certificate:# sed 's,\$ENV::CERTFQDN,somehost.somedomain,' \ < /etc/ssl/x509v3.cnf > ~/tmp_x509v3.cnf # openssl x509 -req \ -days 365 -in somehost.somedomain.csr \ -CA /etc/ssl/ca.crt -CAkey /etc/ssl/private/ca.key \ -CAcreateserial -extfile ~/tmp_x509v3.cnf \ -extensions x509v3_FQDN -out somehost.somedomain.crt
If CERTFQDN is being used, make sure that the subjectAltName field of the certificate is specified using
srcid
in ipsec.conf(5). A similar setup will be required if isakmpd.conf(5) is being used instead.Put the certificate (the file ending in .crt) in /etc/isakmpd/certs/ on your local system. Also carry over the CA cert /etc/ssl/ca.crt and put it in /etc/isakmpd/ca/.
To revoke certificates, create a Certificate Revocation List (CRL) file and install it in the /etc/isakmpd/crls/ directory. See openssl(1) and the ‘crl’ subcommand for more info.
KEYNOTE AUTHENTICATION
Keynote is a trust-management framework. Keys can be generated
using keynote(1) and
provide an alternative means for isakmpd
to
authenticate. See keynote(4) for further information.
FILES
- /etc/isakmpd/ca/
- The directory where CA certificates are kept.
- /etc/isakmpd/certs/
- The directory where IKE certificates are kept, both the local certificate(s) and those of the peers, if a choice to have them kept permanently has been made.
- /etc/isakmpd/crls/
- The directory where CRLs are kept.
- /etc/isakmpd/isakmpd.conf
- The configuration file. As this file can contain sensitive information it
must not be readable by anyone but the user running
isakmpd
. - /etc/isakmpd/isakmpd.policy
- The keynote policy configuration file. The same mode requirements as isakmpd.conf.
- /etc/isakmpd/keynote/
- The directory where KeyNote credentials are kept.
- /etc/isakmpd/private/
- The directory where local private keys used for public key authentication are kept. By default, the system startup script rc(8) generates a key-pair when starting, if one does not already exist. The entire keypair is in local.key, and a copy of the public key suitable for transferring to other hosts is extracted into /etc/isakmpd/local.pub. There has to be a certificate for local.key in the certificate directory, /etc/isakmpd/certs/. local.key has the same mode requirements as isakmpd.conf.
- /etc/isakmpd/pubkeys/
- The directory in which trusted public keys are kept. The keys must be named in the fashion described above.
- /var/run/isakmpd.fifo
- The FIFO used to manually control
isakmpd
. - /var/run/isakmpd.pcap
- The default IKE packet capture file.
- /var/run/isakmpd.pid
- The PID of the current daemon.
- /var/run/isakmpd.report
- The report file written when
SIGUSR1
is received. - /var/run/isakmpd.result
- The report file written when the ‘S’ or ‘C get’ command is issued in the command FIFO.
SEE ALSO
openssl(1), getnameinfo(3), pcap_open_offline(3), ipsec(4), ipsec.conf(5), isakmpd.conf(5), isakmpd.policy(5), iked(8), sasyncd(8), ssl(8), tcpdump(8)
STANDARDS
D. Piper, The Internet IP Security Domain of Interpretation for ISAKMP, RFC 2407, November 1998.
D. Maughan, M. Schertler, M. Schneider, and J. Turner, Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP), RFC 2408, November 1998.
D. Harkins and D. Carrel, The Internet Key Exchange (IKE), RFC 2409, November 1998.
T. Kivinen, B. Swander, A. Huttunen, and V. Volpe, Negotiation of NAT-Traversal in the IKE, RFC 3947, January 2005.
HISTORY
This implementation of the ISAKMP/Oakley key management protocol was done in 1998 by Niklas Hallqvist and Niels Provos, sponsored by Ericsson Radio Systems.
CAVEATS
When storing a trusted public key for an IPv6 identity, the
most
efficient form of address representation, i.e. "::"
instead of ":0:0:0:", must be used or the matching will fail.
isakmpd
uses the output from
getnameinfo(3) for the
address-to-name translation. The privileged process only allows binding to
the default port 500 or unprivileged ports (>1024). It is not possible to
change the interfaces isakmpd
listens on without a
restart.
For redundant setups with carp(4) and sasyncd(8), sasyncd(8) must be manually restarted every time
isakmpd
is restarted, and
isakmpd.conf(5) must
explicitly configure isakmpd
to listen on the
virtual IP address of each carp(4) interface.