NAME
pax
—
read and write file archives and copy
directory hierarchies
SYNOPSIS
pax |
[-0cdjnOvz ] [-E
limit] [-f
archive] [-G
group] [-s
replstr] [-T
range] [-U
user] [pattern ...] |
pax |
-r [-0cDdijknOuvYZz ]
[-E limit]
[-f archive]
[-G group]
[-o options]
[-p string]
[-s replstr]
[-T range]
[-U user]
[pattern ...] |
pax |
-w [-0adHijLOPtuvXz ]
[-B bytes]
[-b blocksize]
[-f archive]
[-G group]
[-o options]
[-s replstr]
[-T range]
[-U user]
[-x format]
[file ...] |
pax |
-rw
[-0DdHijkLlnOPtuvXYZ ] [-G
group] [-p
string] [-s
replstr] [-T
range] [-U
user] [file ...]
directory |
DESCRIPTION
pax
will read, write, and list the members
of an archive file and will copy directory hierarchies.
pax
operation is independent of the specific archive
format and supports a wide variety of different archive formats. A list of
supported archive formats can be found under the description of the
-x
option.
The presence of the -r
and the
-w
options specifies which of the following
functional modes pax
will operate under:
list,
read,
write,
and copy.
- ⟨none⟩
- List.
pax
will write to standard output a table of contents of the members of the archive file read from standard input, whose pathnames match the specified pattern arguments. The table of contents contains one filename per line and is written using single line buffering. -r
- Read.
pax
extracts the members of the archive file read from the standard input, with pathnames matching the specified pattern arguments. The archive format and blocking is automatically determined on input. When an extracted file is a directory, the entire file hierarchy rooted at that directory is extracted. All extracted files are created relative to the current file hierarchy. The setting of ownership, access and modification times, and file mode of the extracted files are discussed in more detail under the-p
option. -w
- Write.
pax
writes an archive containing the file operands to standard output using the specified archive format. When no file operands are specified, a list of files to copy with one per line is read from standard input. When a file operand is also a directory, the entire file hierarchy rooted at that directory will be included. -rw
- Copy.
pax
copies the file operands to the destination directory. When no file operands are specified, a list of files to copy with one per line is read from the standard input. When a file operand is also a directory, the entire file hierarchy rooted at that directory will be included. The effect of the copy is as if the copied files were written to an archive file and then subsequently extracted, except that there may be hard links between the original and the copied files (see the-l
option below).Warning: The destination directory must not be one of the file operands or a member of a file hierarchy rooted at one of the file operands. The result of a copy under these conditions is unpredictable.
While processing a damaged archive during a read or list
operation, pax
will attempt to recover from media
defects and will search through the archive to locate and process the
largest number of archive members possible (see the
-E
option for more details on error handling).
The directory operand specifies a
destination directory pathname. If the directory
operand does not exist, or it is not writable by the user, or it is not of
type directory, pax
will exit with a non-zero exit
status.
The pattern operand is used to select one or
more pathnames of archive members. Archive members are selected using the
pattern matching notation described by glob(7). When the pattern operand is
not supplied, all members of the archive will be selected. When a
pattern matches a directory, the entire file hierarchy
rooted at that directory will be selected. When a
pattern operand does not select at least one archive
member, pax
will write these
pattern operands in a diagnostic message to standard
error and then exit with a non-zero exit status.
The file operand specifies the pathname of a
file to be copied or archived. When a file operand
does not select at least one archive member, pax
will write these file operand pathnames in a
diagnostic message to standard error and then exit with a non-zero exit
status.
The options are as follows:
-0
- Use the NUL (‘
\0
’) character as a pathname terminator, instead of newline (‘\n
’). This applies only to the pathnames read from standard input in the write and copy modes, and to the pathnames written to standard output in list mode. This option is expected to be used in concert with the-print0
function in find(1) or the-0
flag in xargs(1). -a
- Append the given file operands to the end of an
archive that was previously written. If an archive format is not specified
with a
-x
option, the format currently being used in the archive will be selected. Any attempt to append to an archive in a format different from the format already used in the archive will causepax
to exit immediately with a non-zero exit status. The blocking size used in the archive volume where writing starts will continue to be used for the remainder of that archive volume.Warning: Many storage devices are not able to support the operations necessary to perform an append operation. Any attempt to append to an archive stored on such a device may damage the archive or have other unpredictable results. Tape drives in particular are more likely to not support an append operation. An archive stored in a regular file system file or on a disk device will usually support an append operation.
-B
bytes- Limit the number of bytes written to a single archive volume to
bytes. The bytes limit can end
with ‘
m
’, ‘k
’, or ‘b
’ to specify multiplication by 1048576 (1M), 1024 (1K) or 512, respectively. A pair of bytes limits can be separated by ‘x
’ to indicate a product.Warning: Only use this option when writing an archive to a device which supports an end of file read condition based on last (or largest) write offset (such as a regular file or a tape drive). The use of this option with a floppy or hard disk is not recommended.
-b
blocksize- When writing an archive, block the output at a positive decimal integer
number of bytes per write to the archive file. The
blocksize must be a multiple of 512 bytes with a
maximum of 64512 bytes. Archive block sizes larger than 32256 bytes
violate the POSIX standard and will not be portable to all systems. A
blocksize can end with
‘
k
’ or ‘b
’ to specify multiplication by 1024 (1K) or 512, respectively. A pair of blocksizes can be separated by ‘x
’ to indicate a product. A specific archive device may impose additional restrictions on the size of blocking it will support. When blocking is not specified, the default blocksize is dependent on the specific archive format being used (see the-x
option). -c
- Match all file or archive members except those specified by the pattern and file operands.
-D
- This option is the same as the
-u
option, except that the file inode change time is checked instead of the file modification time. The file inode change time can be used to select files whose inode information (e.g., UID, GID, etc.) is newer than a copy of the file in the destination directory. -d
- Cause files of type directory being copied or archived, or archive members of type directory being extracted, to match only the directory file or archive member and not the file hierarchy rooted at the directory.
-E
limit- Limit the number of consecutive read faults while trying to read a flawed
archive to limit. With a positive
limit,
pax
will attempt to recover from an archive read error and will continue processing starting with the next file stored in the archive. A limit of 0 will causepax
to stop operation after the first read error is detected on an archive volume. The default limit is a small positive number of retries. -f
archive- Specify archive as the pathname of the input or
output archive, overriding the default standard input (for list and read)
or standard output (for write). A single archive may span multiple files
and different archive devices. When required,
pax
will prompt for the pathname of the file or device of the next volume in the archive. -G
group- Select a file based on its group name, or when
starting with a
#
, a numeric GID. A ‘\
’ can be used to escape the#
. Multiple-G
options may be supplied and checking stops with the first match. -H
- Follow only command-line symbolic links while performing a physical file system traversal.
-i
- Interactively rename files or archive members. For each archive member
matching a pattern operand or each file matching a
file operand,
pax
will prompt to /dev/tty giving the name of the file, its file mode, and its modification time.pax
will then read a line from /dev/tty. If this line is blank, the file or archive member is skipped. If this line consists of a single period, the file or archive member is processed with no modification to its name. Otherwise, its name is replaced with the contents of the line.pax
will immediately exit with a non-zero exit status ifEOF
is encountered when reading a response or if /dev/tty cannot be opened for reading and writing. -j
- Use bzip2 to compress (decompress) the archive while writing (reading).
The bzip2 utility must be installed separately. Incompatible with
-a
. -k
- Do not overwrite existing files.
-L
- Follow all symbolic links to perform a logical file system traversal.
-l
- (The lowercase letter “ell”.) Link files. In copy mode
(
-r
-w
), hard links are made between the source and destination file hierarchies whenever possible. -n
- Select the first archive member that matches each
pattern operand. No more than one archive member is
matched for each pattern. When members of type
directory are matched, the file hierarchy rooted at that directory is also
matched (unless
-d
is also specified). -O
- Force the archive to be one volume. If a volume ends prematurely,
pax
will not prompt for a new volume. This option can be useful for automated tasks where error recovery cannot be performed by a human. -o
options- Information to modify the algorithm for extracting or writing archive
files which is specific to the archive format specified by
-x
. In general, options take the form: name=value.The following options are available for the
ustar
and old BSDtar
formats:write_opt=nodir
- When writing archives, omit the storage of directories.
-P
- Do not follow symbolic links, perform a physical file system traversal. This is the default mode.
-p
string- Specify one or more file characteristic options (privileges). The
string option-argument is a string specifying file
characteristics to be retained or discarded on extraction. The string
consists of the specification characters
a
,e
,m
,o
, andp
. Multiple characteristics can be concatenated within the same string and multiple-p
options can be specified. The meanings of the specification characters are as follows:a
- Do not preserve file access times. By default, file access times are preserved whenever possible.
e
- “Preserve everything”, the user ID, group ID, file mode
bits, file access time, and file modification time. This is intended
to be used by root, someone with all the appropriate privileges, in
order to preserve all aspects of the files as they are recorded in the
archive. The
e
flag is the sum of theo
andp
flags. m
- Do not preserve file modification times. By default, file modification times are preserved whenever possible.
o
- Preserve the user ID and group ID.
p
- “Preserve” the file mode bits. This is intended to be used by a user with regular privileges who wants to preserve all aspects of the file other than the ownership. The file times are preserved by default, but two other flags are offered to disable this and use the time of extraction instead.
In the preceding list, ‘preserve’ indicates that an attribute stored in the archive is given to the extracted file, subject to the permissions of the invoking process. Otherwise the attribute of the extracted file is determined as part of the normal file creation action. If neither the
e
nor theo
specification character is specified, or the user ID and group ID are not preserved for any reason,pax
will not set theS_ISUID
(setuid) andS_ISGID
(setgid) bits of the file mode. If the preservation of any of these items fails for any reason,pax
will write a diagnostic message to standard error. Failure to preserve these items will affect the final exit status, but will not cause the extracted file to be deleted. If the file characteristic letters in any of the string option-arguments are duplicated or conflict with each other, the one(s) given last will take precedence. For example, if-p
eme is specified, file modification times are still preserved. -r
- Read an archive file from standard input and extract the specified
file operands. If any intermediate directories are
needed in order to extract an archive member, these directories will be
created as if mkdir(2) was
called with the bitwise OR of
S_IRWXU
,S_IRWXG
, andS_IRWXO
as the mode argument. When the selected archive format supports the specification of linked files and these files cannot be linked while the archive is being extracted,pax
will write a diagnostic message to standard error and exit with a non-zero exit status at the completion of operation. -s
replstr- Modify the archive member names according to the substitution expression
replstr, using the syntax of the
ed(1) utility regular
expressions. file or pattern
arguments may be given to restrict the list of archive members to those
specified.
The format of these regular expressions is:
/old/new/[gp]
As in ed(1), old is a basic regular expression (see re_format(7)) and new can contain an ampersand (‘
&
’), ‘\n
’ (where n is a digit) back-references, or subexpression matching. The old string may also contain newline characters. Any non-null character can be used as a delimiter (‘/
’ is shown here). Multiple-s
expressions can be specified. The expressions are applied in the order they are specified on the command line, terminating with the first successful substitution.The optional trailing
g
continues to apply the substitution expression to the pathname substring, which starts with the first character following the end of the last successful substitution. The first unsuccessful substitution stops the operation of theg
option. The optional trailingp
will cause the final result of a successful substitution to be written to standard error in the following format:File or archive member names that substitute to the empty string are not selected and will be skipped.
-T
range- Allow files to be selected based on a file modification or inode change
time falling within the specified time range. The range has the format:
[from_date][,to_date][/[
c
][m
]]The dates specified by from_date to to_date are inclusive. If only a from_date is supplied, all files with a modification or inode change time equal to or younger are selected. If only a to_date is supplied, all files with a modification or inode change time equal to or older will be selected. When the from_date is equal to the to_date, only files with a modification or inode change time of exactly that time will be selected.
When
pax
is in write or copy mode, the optional trailing field [c
][m
] can be used to determine which file time (inode change, file modification or both) are used in the comparison. If neither is specified, the default is to use file modification time only. Them
specifies the comparison of file modification time (the time when the file was last written). Thec
specifies the comparison of inode change time (the time when the file inode was last changed; e.g., a change of owner, group, mode, etc). Whenc
andm
are both specified, then the modification and inode change times are both compared.The inode change time comparison is useful in selecting files whose attributes were recently changed or selecting files which were recently created and had their modification time reset to an older time (as what happens when a file is extracted from an archive and the modification time is preserved). Time comparisons using both file times is useful when
pax
is used to create a time based incremental archive (only files that were changed during a specified time range will be archived).A time range is made up of six different fields and each field must contain two digits. The format is:
[[[[[cc]yy]mm]dd]HH]MM[.SS]
Where cc is the first two digits of the year (the century), yy is the last two digits of the year, the first mm is the month (from 01 to 12), dd is the day of the month (from 01 to 31), HH is the hour of the day (from 00 to 23), MM is the minute (from 00 to 59), and SS is the seconds (from 00 to 59). The minute field MM is required, while the other fields are optional and must be added in the following order: HH, dd, mm, yy, cc.
The SS field may be added independently of the other fields. Time ranges are relative to the current time, so
-T 1234/cm
would select all files with a modification or inode change time of 12:34 PM today or later. Multiple-T
time range can be supplied and checking stops with the first match. -t
- Reset the access times of any file or directory read or accessed by
pax
to be the same as they were before being read or accessed bypax
. -U
user- Select a file based on its user name, or when
starting with a
#
, a numeric UID. A ‘\
’ can be used to escape the#
. Multiple-U
options may be supplied and checking stops with the first match. -u
- Ignore files that are older (having a less recent file modification time) than a pre-existing file or archive member with the same name. During read, an archive member with the same name as a file in the file system will be extracted if the archive member is newer than the file. During write, a file system member with the same name as an archive member will be written to the archive if it is newer than the archive member. During copy, the file in the destination hierarchy is replaced by the file in the source hierarchy or by a link to the file in the source hierarchy if the file in the source hierarchy is newer.
-v
- During a list operation, produce a verbose table of contents using the
format of the ls(1) utility
with the
-l
option. For pathnames representing a hard link to a previous member of the archive, the output has the format:ls -l listing == link-name
For pathnames representing a symbolic link, the output has the format:
ls -l listing -> link-name
Where ls -l listing is the output format specified by the ls(1) utility when used with the
-l
option. Otherwise for all the other operational modes (read, write, and copy), pathnames are written and flushed to standard error without a trailing newline as soon as processing begins on that file or archive member. The trailing newline is not buffered and is written only after the file has been read or written. -w
- Write files to the standard output in the specified archive format. When no file operands are specified, standard input is read for a list of pathnames with one per line without any leading or trailing ⟨blanks⟩.
-X
- When traversing the file hierarchy specified by a pathname, do not descend
into directories that have a different device ID. See the
st_dev
field as described in stat(2) for more information about device IDs. -x
format- Specify the output archive format, with the default format being
ustar
.pax
currently supports the following formats:bcpio
- The old binary cpio format. The default blocksize for this format is
5120 bytes. This format is not very portable and should not be used
when other formats are available. Inode and device information about a
file (used for detecting file hard links by this format), which may be
truncated by this format, is detected by
pax
and is repaired. cpio
- The extended cpio interchange format specified in the
IEEE Std 1003.2 (“POSIX.2”)
standard. The default blocksize for this format is 5120 bytes. Inode
and device information about a file (used for detecting file hard
links by this format), which may be truncated by this format, is
detected by
pax
and is repaired. sv4cpio
- The System V release 4 cpio. The default blocksize for this format is
5120 bytes. Inode and device information about a file (used for
detecting file hard links by this format), which may be truncated by
this format, is detected by
pax
and is repaired. sv4crc
- The System V release 4 cpio with file CRC checksums. The default
blocksize for this format is 5120 bytes. Inode and device information
about a file (used for detecting file hard links by this format),
which may be truncated by this format, is detected by
pax
and is repaired. tar
- The old BSD tar format as found in
4.3BSD. The default blocksize for this format
is 10240 bytes. Pathnames stored by this format must be 100 characters
or less in length. Only regular files, hard links, soft links, and
directories will be archived (other file system types are not
supported). For backwards compatibility with even older tar formats, a
-o
option can be used when writing an archive to omit the storage of directories. This option takes the form:-o
write_opt=nodir
ustar
- The extended tar interchange format specified in the IEEE Std 1003.2 (“POSIX.2”) standard. The default blocksize for this format is 10240 bytes. Filenames stored by this format must be 100 characters or less in length; the total pathname must be 256 characters or less.
pax
- The pax interchange format specified in the IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 (“POSIX.1”) standard. The default blocksize for this format is 5120 bytes.
pax
will detect and report any file that it is unable to store or extract as the result of any specific archive format restrictions. The individual archive formats may impose additional restrictions on use. Typical archive format restrictions include (but are not limited to): file pathname length, file size, link pathname length, and the type of the file. -Y
- This option is the same as the
-D
option, except that the inode change time is checked using the pathname created after all the file name modifications have completed. -Z
- This option is the same as the
-u
option, except that the modification time is checked using the pathname created after all the file name modifications have completed. -z
- Use gzip(1) to compress
(decompress) the archive while writing (reading). Incompatible with
-a
.
The options that operate on the names of files or archive members
(-c
, -i
,
-j
, -n
,
-s
, -u
,
-v
, -D
,
-G
, -T
,
-U
, -Y
, and
-Z
) interact as follows.
When extracting files during a read operation, archive members are
‘selected’, based only on the user specified pattern operands
as modified by the -c
, -n
,
-u
, -D
,
-G
, -T
,
-U
options. Then any -s
and
-i
options will modify in that order, the names of
these selected files. Then the -Y
and
-Z
options will be applied based on the final
pathname. Finally, the -v
option will write the
names resulting from these modifications.
When archiving files during a write operation, or copying files
during a copy operation, archive members are ‘selected’, based
only on the user specified pathnames as modified by the
-n
, -u
,
-D
, -G
,
-T
, and -U
options (the
-D
option only applies during a copy operation).
Then any -s
and -i
options
will modify in that order, the names of these selected files. Then during a
copy operation the -Y
and the
-Z
options will be applied based on the final
pathname. Finally, the -v
option will write the
names resulting from these modifications.
When one or both of the -u
or
-D
options are specified along with the
-n
option, a file is not considered selected unless
it is newer than the file to which it is compared.
ENVIRONMENT
TMPDIR
- Path in which to store temporary files.
EXIT STATUS
The pax
utility exits 0 on success,
and >0 if an error occurs.
EXAMPLES
Copy the contents of the current directory to the device /dev/rst0:
$ pax -w -f /dev/rst0 .
Give the verbose table of contents for an archive stored in filename:
$ pax -v -f filename
This sequence of commands will copy the entire olddir directory hierarchy to newdir:
$ mkdir newdir $ cd olddir $ pax -rw . ../newdir
Extract files from the archive a.pax. Files rooted in /usr are extracted relative to the current working directory; all other files are extracted to their unmodified path.
$ pax -r -s ',^/usr/,,' -f
a.pax
This can be used to interactively select the files to copy from the current directory to dest_dir:
$ pax -rw -i . dest_dir
Extract all files from the archive a.pax which are owned by root with group bin and preserve all file permissions:
$ pax -r -pe -U root -G bin -f
a.pax
Update (and list) only those files in the destination directory /backup which are older (less recent inode change or file modification times) than files with the same name found in the source file tree home:
$ pax -r -w -v -Y -Z home
/backup
DIAGNOSTICS
Whenever pax
cannot create a file or a
link when reading an archive or cannot find a file when writing an archive,
or cannot preserve the user ID, group ID, or file mode when the
-p
option is specified, a diagnostic message is
written to standard error and a non-zero exit status will be returned, but
processing will continue. In the case where pax
cannot create a link to a file, pax
will not create
a second copy of the file.
If the extraction of a file from an archive is prematurely
terminated by a signal or error, pax
may have only
partially extracted a file the user wanted. Additionally, the file modes of
extracted files and directories may have incorrect file bits, and the
modification and access times may be wrong.
If the creation of an archive is prematurely terminated by a
signal or error, pax
may have only partially created
the archive, which may violate the specific archive format
specification.
If while doing a copy, pax
detects a file
is about to overwrite itself, the file is not copied, a diagnostic message
is written to standard error and when pax
completes
it will exit with a non-zero exit status.
SEE ALSO
STANDARDS
The pax
utility is compliant with the
IEEE Std 1003.1-2008 (“POSIX.1”)
specification, except that the pax
archive format is
only partially supported, and the listopt
keyword is
unsupported.
The flags [-0BDEGjOPTUYZz
], the archive
formats bcpio
, sv4cpio
,
sv4crc
, and tar
, the
b
, k
, and
x
additions to the -b
flag,
and the flawed archive handling during list and read operations are
extensions to that specification.
HISTORY
A pax
utility appeared in
4.4BSD.
AUTHORS
Keith Muller at the University of California, San Diego.